Икономическамисъл/EconomicThought68(3)2023
THE FOUNDATION OF REAL-WORLD ECONOMICS: WHAT EVERY STUDENT NEEDS TO KNOW
Luminița Chivu, George Georgescu
National Institute for Economic Research “Costin C. Kirițescu”, Romanian Academy
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THE FOUNDATION OF REAL-WORLD ECONOMICS: WHAT EVERY STUDENT NEEDS TO KNOW
Luminița Chivu, George Georgescu
National Institute for Economic Research “Costin C. Kirițescu”, Romanian Academy
ThethirdeditionofTheFoundationsofReal-WorldEconomicsupdatesthetwoearlier editionspublishedbyRoutledge,1includingnewchaptersontheriseofpopulism, hiddenracism,andtheCovid-19pandemic.Theearliereditionsweretranslatedinto fivelanguages.2
Withinthevasteconomicliterature,thebookopensalternativeresearchhorizons, providinganinnovativelookateconomictheorywhichadvocatesforamajorrevision ofseeminglyimmutablemainstreameconomics.
Theauthor,ProfessorEmeritusattheLudwigMaximilianUniversityofMunich (Germany)JohnKomlos,3demonstratestheweaknessesofconventionaleconomic theory,emphasisingtheneedforaparadigmaticchangetowhathecallsHumanistic Economics,inwhichpeopleandqualityoflifecountinsteadoffocusingprimarilyon money,income,orGDPand,moreover,wheretheeconomyworksforeveryone,instead ofaselectfew.Offeringthereaderanotherperspectiveoneconomicsandadvancingan alternativeapproachtostandardtextbooks,heexplainswhythisparadigmshiftshould focusonthecreationofabettersociety,theimprovementofpeople'slives,and increased lifesatisfaction.
Theintrinsicvalueofthebookisitsaccessibilitybyawideaudience,including
1Routledge(TaylorandFrancisGroup)isconsideredoneofthemostprestigiouspublishersintheworldin thefieldofsocialsciences.
2 The Romanian translation of the book (Principiile economiei într-o lume post-criză, CIDE-INCE, Bucharest, 576pages),publishedin2019,representsanupdatedandadaptedversionofthebooksPrinciplesof EconomicsforaPost-MeltdownWorld(2016,Springer)andFoundationsofReal-WorldEconomics:What EveryEconomicsStudentNeedstoKnow(Routledge,2ndedition,2019).
Russiantranslationofthe1stedition:Чтодолжензнатькаждый,ктоизучаетэкономику,иочёмне написановобычныхучебниках,2018.
Hungarian:https://pallasathenekiado.hu/konyvesbolt/a-valojaban-letezo-gazdasag-es-az-emberarcu-kapitalizmus-alapjai/
German:ÖkonomischesDenkennachdemCrash:EinführungineinerealitätsbasierteVolkswirtschaftslehre. MetropolisVerlag,2015,https://www.metropolis-verlag.de/Oekonomisches-Denken-nach-dem-Crash/1083/book.do.
Chinese:http://product.dangdang.com/29362173.html
3Formoreonhisbackground,see:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Komlos
teachersandstudentsofeconomics,laypersons,andreal-worlddecisionmakers. Moreover,itcanbeusedasareferenceforallresearchersengagedintheprovocative rethinkingofthefoundationsoftheeconomiccanon.
Theauthorexploresthenatureofreal-lifemarketsandthecausesoftheirfailures, which include opportunistic behaviour, imperfect competition, multinational oligopolies ormonopolies,asymmetricinformation,andtheinfluenceofcorporatepower,aswell asincomeandwealthinequalities.Therealimpactoftheminimumwageisalso explored in detail. Attention is paid throughout the book to the circumstances of continuouschangesintheeconomic,social,andpoliticalenvironment,sometimesunder thepressureofregionalshocksandsometimesonaglobalscale.
Komlospleadsforaneconomythatworksforeveryoneinthereal-world,beyond mainstreamabstractmodels.Hearguesthateconomicsshouldbecomeanexperimental science,thatis,aninductivedisciplinethatstartswithevidenceinsteadofassumptions. Furthermore,hesuggests,afterRichardFeynman,thateconomists,includingteachers, shouldbeheldtoethicalstandardsof“scientificintegrity”and“utterhonesty”(p.11). Inhisconception,economicanalysisshouldintegrateempiricalevidenceandvalue judgments,ratherthanrelyingontheoriesandassumptionscreatedinivorytowers. Therefore,inordertounderstandtheworldaroundus,theoriesbasedonreal-world evidenceisneeded.Thesetheoriesneedtobeeffectivewhentransferredfrom classroomblackboardstotherealitiesoftoday'seconomy.
Usingcreativethinkingcombinedwithevidence-based,logicallyfoundedarguments, along with narrative interpretations viewed through multidisciplinary filters,the authorillustratestheerrorsofmainstreameconomics,includingsomepersistently falseprinciplesthathavebeenprovedwrongwhenappliedintherealworld.These principles,whichhavemisledmillionsofstudentsindogmatictextbooks,includethe irresponsibleideathatmarketsareperfectonlyiftheyarelefttoworkbasedontheir ownmechanisms.
Evenmoreproblematicisthemainstream’sstubbornsupportformistakeneconomic policies that feature significant adverse developments without moral considerations. That isexactlywhathappenedduringtheGreatRecessionof2008–2009:macroeconomistsin keypolicypositions,includingamongtheacademiceliteandthemainstream establishment,wereincapablenotonlyofforeseeingandpreventingthefinancialcrisis bututterlyfailingtoprovideadequatesolutionstotheproblemsfacingtheglobal economy.
Onthecontrary,BenBernankecontinuedtopreachthevirtuesoftheGreat ModerationshortlybeforetheMeltdown,predictingmacroeconomicstabilityand denyingtheoccurrenceofanypossibledisruption.ThiswasduetothePanglossian ideologyheandhiscolleagueshadsubscribedto,accordingtowhichmarketsare
efficientandself-regulating,competitionisperfect,andthebehaviourofeconomic actors is rational, as described by most conventional economics textbooks. Analysing thecontextofthecrisisandunveilingtheconfluenceofthirty-twocausesofthe Meltdown,theauthoremphasisesthat“Thecollapseofthehouseofcardsbuiltonthe erroneousneoclassicaldogmaoflaissez-fairefinancewithlaxregulationand substandardoversightculminatedinthesubprimemortgagecrisis…Theimpactofthe crisiswasexacerbatedbythetsunamiofhyperglobalizationandtheabsurdlevelsof inequality” (p.265).
Thus, under the circumstances of global interconnectedness, through its rapid contagioneffects,thefinancialcrisisextendedthroughouttheworld,generatinghuge macroeconomicshocksandsocialadverseeffectsandmakingobvioustheinstability ofmarkets,thefragilityoffinancialandmonetarybalances,andthevolatilityand unpredictability of structural change. The crisis increased populations’ and governments’indebtedness,deepeningbothpovertyandinequality.Astheauthor concludes,“Theneoliberaldogmathatassumedthatsuchafinancialcrisiscouldnot possiblyoccur…wasamistakeofhistoricproportions”(p.291).TheMeltdownof 2008therebymadeitobviousthattheideologicalcommitmenttofree-market fundamentalismhadsufferedafatalblow(Stieglitz,2008).
Komlosemphasisesthechallengesoftoday'srealeconomy,includingtheincreasing complexityofglobaleconomicprocessesasamajorconstraintforourabilityto investigatethefunctioningoftheeconomicsystem,whilestatingthatthemultitudeof possibleevolutionsofunstablesituationsmakeitdifficulttopreventunacceptable adverseresults.
Thestandardintroductorytextbooksignoretoomanyaspectsoftheactualeconomy, including imperfect information, heterogeneous cognitive skills, time-inconsistent preferences,externalities,tradingcosts,moralhazard,uncertainty,too-big-to-failmonopolies andoligopolies,systemicrisk,powerimbalances,non-rationality,transactionalcosts,andthe unequaldistributionofwealth.Allthesereal-worldproblemsrenderillusorythedogmatic beliefintheperfectfunctioningofdemocracyandfreemarketmechanisms.4
Whilemarketfailureisconsideredexceptionalinmainstreameconomictheory, Komlosshowsthatitisactuallythenormintherealeconomyofthe21stcentury.His conceptionistheexactoppositeofthedoctrinalapproachtoeconomics,whichisoften illustrated by the arrogant statement that "we know that the marketswork". Economistsshouldadmitthatthemarketsworkwellonlyinexceptionalcircumstances
4ThisrecentquotebyDarenAcemoglu(2023)isrelevantinthiscontext:“Thelate-twentieth-century assumptionthatdemocracyandmarketswouldultimatelytriumpheverywherehassincebeenmetbyan intellectualbacklashthatisevenmorewrong-headed.Tochartabetterpathforwardwewillneedtorevise ourthinkinginseveralpolicydomainsatonce”.
withinanoptimalinstitutionalframework.Therefore,theauthoradvocatesforthe explorationanddelimitationofsituationsthatmakerealmarketsworkmoreliketheir theoretical counterparts and find remedies against failures. If the market’s imperfectionswouldbeconsideredandremedied,themarkets’resilienceagainst externalshocksandinstabilitywouldincreaseandcontributetothebuildingofafairer andmoreequitablesociety.
As Komlos highlights, most of the mainstream textbooks typically omit the discoveriesofimportanteconomists,includingNobelistssuchasHerbertSimon(1978, RationalityLimits),AmartyaSen(1998,WelfareEconomics),GeorgeAkerlof,Michael Spence,andJosephStiglitz(2001,AsymmetricInformation),DanielKahneman(2002, Behavioral Economics), Paul Krugman (2008, New Trade Theory), Oliver Williamson (2009,TransactionCosts),RobertShiller(2013,FinancialEconomics),ThomasShelling (2016,Game-theory),andRichardThaler(2017,BehavioralEconomics).
Asignificantdeviationfromthemainmodelofdemandandsupplyexaminedby Komlos is that of increasing prices which can create a positive feedback loop, as happenedduringtheUSrealestatebubble.Inthiscase,theassumptionofinvestorsthat housingpriceswouldcontinuetoincreasegeneratedfalseexpectations,eventually leadinguptothelargestspeculativebubbleinworldhistorythatendedintheMeltdown of2008.Therefore,thelawsofsupplyanddemandoftenfailtoleadtoa"utopian"free marketstate,aspresentedintextbooksthatdescribethetheoreticalprinciplesof economics.
AsKomlosemphasises,thestandardapproachisbasedexcessivelyonthedynamics ofdemandandsupplyinaperfectlycompetitivemarketwithouttransactioncosts andwithinnumerablerationalproducersandconsumerswhoknowallaboutthe genericproductsothat,inanequilibrium,thecorrectpricewouldbedetermined.In reality,thecurrenteconomyisnotcomposedofperfectlycompetitivecompaniesbut ismadeupofmultinationalmonopoliesandoligopolies,andthecompetitionbetween themiscompletelydifferentfromtheperfectlycompetitivemodel.Instead,these supercorporations use strategic behaviour to increase their profit. Therefore, in such marketstructures,anefficientequilibriumisrarelyachieved.Komlos’analysisofthe interactionofdemandandsupplyintermsoffuzzylogicledhimtoresultsaccording towhichtheintersectionofthesupplyanddemandfunctions,givenbyanormal probabilitydistribution,yieldtheequilibriumvaluesofprice-quantitypairs(Komlos, 2022c).
Fromadifferentperspective,Komlosemphasisesthatpoliticalandfinancialpoweris ofcrucialimportanceintheeconomy,althoughthisiscompletelyneglectedinstandard economictheory.Thus,ashepointsout,thepowertoinfluencethethinkingoractions ofothersisdecisiveindeterminingtheinstitutionalframework,whichhasamajor
impact on the distribution of income, wealth, and privileges in the economy, with
significant feedback effects on political outcomes.
Onamoregenerallevel,Komlosarguesthataccurateeconomicdataisaprerequisite forformulatingvalidtheoriesandadequateeconomicpolicies.Theauthorbrings importantmethodologicalcontributionstothecalculationofsignificanteconomic indicators,suchastherealunemploymentrate,whichsupportdeeperunderstanding oftherelevantstatisticaldata.
Komlos(2021a)alsodrawsattentiontotheerroneousmeasureoflabourmarket conditionsintheUSthatrelyontheofficialunemploymentrate,pointingoutthatits currentdefinitionisobsoleteandalsocreatesincompatibilityproblemsregarding international methodologies and comparisons. He calculates that the real unemploymentrateintheUSAin2019was7.8%insteadof3.7%(theofficialfigure), duetotheerroneousexclusionofdiscouragedworkers,peoplewhodonothavethe financialorpsychologicalresourcestosearchforjobs.Anotherreasontheofficial figuresarebiaseddownwardisthattheyomitthosepart-timeworkerswhowouldlike tohaveafull-timejob.KomlosarguesthattheofficialUSunemploymentratecanno longerindicatetherelationshipbetweenlaboursupplyanddemandintheeconomy andthiserrorhasdirectimplicationsforeconomic,monetary,andfiscalpoliciesthat haveobviouslybeenmisguidedbyerroneousstatistics.5
Komloscontinuesbyexploringthelimitsofrationalityandtheimportanceof emotion,intuition,andmentalprejudicesandtheireconomicconsequences.Heargues thatthemodelofmaximisingrationalagentsshouldbereplacedwithlimitedrationality modelsthatincludehumancognitivedeficiencieswhichoftenleadtoinefficientresults. Consequently,thebookoffersvalidfoundationsforanewmicro-andmacroeconomics, complementingtheusualapproachesandrepresentingtheauspiciousprerequisitesfor deepeningourabilitytounderstandreal-worldchallenges.
Thepolicyrecommendationsstemmingfrommainstreameconomicswhichhave failedtoconsidertheirsocialandpoliticalimplications“resultedintheseverelyflawed policiesthatculminatedinpoliticaldysfunctionandapolarisedsociety”(p.299).The authorarguesthattheright-wingpopulistmovement,includingthe6th ofJanuary2022 insurrectionthatwasanattackontheU.S.Capitol,isdrivenprimarilybyanxieties associatedwithhugeincomeinequalities,thetransitiontoapost-industrialeconomy, globalization’simpactonpoorlyeducatedpeople,andthehollowingoutofthemiddle
5InthecontextofCOVID-19crisis,alabourhoardingphenomenonemergedthatposedotherserious problemstounemploymentrateestimates.TheU.S.BLSrecognisedchallenges,neverencounteredbefore, thatwereinducedbythepandemic:"Peoplewhoreportedzerohoursofwork...shouldbecountedas unemployedontemporarylayoff.Asitturnsout,alargenumberofpeople–weestimateabout4.9million inMay–weremisclassified"(USBureauofLaborStatistics,2020).Thatwouldhaveincreasedthereal unemploymentrateby3percentagepoints.
class.
Komlos demonstrates that the general impression that the 6th of January insurrectionistswere“averagepeople”doesnotcorrespondtoreality.Instead,he foundthattheirincome,acrucialvariableindeterminingtheirsocio-economicstatus, indicatesthattheyweremostlyfromthelowerhalfoftheincomedistribution.Hence, thelogicalsolutionpromotedbytheauthorthatonlyeconomicpoliciescanreverse fourdecadesofmiddle-classbatteringandreversefundamentaldiscontentamong thepopulation.
He shows that the unrealistic aspects of fundamentalist economics impact disadvantagedminoritiesthemost.Thisbecomesthebasisofthehiddensystemic racismofeconomictheory.Forinstance,accordingtothemainstream,consumersdo not need protection because they know what they are doing, but this policy recommendationmainlyhurtsthedisadvantagedbecausetheyaremostvulnerable to the manipulation of powerful corporations and are affected by monopoly drug pricesthemost.UnderliningtheneedtoremovethefifteenAchilles’heelsof mainstreameconomictheoriesandopentheroadfortheirmajorrevision,Komlos pleadsforthetransitiontoapost-racistsocietywithaneconomictheorybasedon honestyandintegrity,providingreal,equalopportunitiesforallsubsetsofthe population.Todothis,aboveall,theinstitutionalstructureofpowershouldbereset basedondemocraticvalues,ashejustifiablyhighlights.Inthisway,economicand socialdiscriminationagainstpeople,nations,andfirmswillendandbereplacedby faircompetition,whichwouldalleviateglobalinequalities.
QuotingWarrenBuffett’sidiom“it’sonlywhenthetidegoesoutthatyoulearnwho’s beenswimmingnaked”(p.339)andexploringtheimpactoftheCovid-19pandemicon humanity,Komlosascertainsthatmuchoftheworldwastragicallyunpreparedtoface thevicissitudesinducedbythevirus.Heemphasisesthatthistypeoflow-probability, high-impactdisaster(or“blackswan”event,akintootherrecentdisasters:thedot-com bubble,9/11,thefinancialmeltdownof2008–09,and,morerecently,theUkrainewar) exposes“thedeepfissures,endemicimbalancesandprecariousnatureoftheUS economy”(p.346).Thesedevelopmentsshouldmakecleartheneedforcreatinga black-swan-robusteconomythatismoreresilienttounanticipatedshocks.
Thisimpliesthatmuchmoreattentionshouldbepaidtosocialwelfarepolicies, creating a strong social safety net, decreasing competition, introducing fail-safe strategies,runningtheeconomyatlessthanfullthrottle,introducinguniversalhealth care,andimprovingeducation,therebyenhancinghumanflourishing.Attheendofhis provocativebook,Komlosconcludeswithhispersonalcredo:“Capitalismwithahuman face,advocatedinthisbook,wouldbesuchaneconomy”.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
References
Acemoglu,D.(2023).InSearchofaNewPoliticalEconomy.OnPoint–ProjectSyndicate,
April 7.
Komlos,J.(2012).ACriticofPureEconomics.Challenge:TheMagazineofEconomic Affairs(publishedbyTaylor&Francis),Vol.55,No.2,21-57.
Komlos, J. (2015a). We Must Lean Over Backword. Institute of New Economic Thinking Blog, April 14, 2015.
Komlos,J.(2015b).Hownaturalisthenaturalrateofunemployment?Challenge: The MagazineofEconomicAffairs(publishedbyTaylor&Francis),Vol.58,No.2,160-167.
Komlos,J.(2017).ThetriumphofTrumpism.CESifoWorkingPaperNo.6868.Centerfor EconomicStudiesandifoInstitute(CESifo),Munich,2018.
Komlos,J.(2021a).TheActualU.S.UnemploymentRatein2019WasTwicetheOfficial Rate,andthePhillipsCurve.Challenge,January2021.
Komlos, J. (2021b). Covert Racism in Economics. FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Vol. 77, No. 1, 83-115.
Komlos,J.(2021c).HowtoChangeEconomics101.Taylor&FrancisOnline,Vol.64,
Issue 3.
Komlos, J. (2022a). Running the U.S. economy at full throttle is a stressful variant of capitalism.CESifoWorkingPaperNo.9966.CenterforEconomicStudiesandifo Institute (CESifo),Munich.
Komlos,J.(2022c).Aprobabilistictheoryofsupplyanddemand.Real-WorldEconomics Review,No.102,89-96.
Samuelson,R.J.(2019).ItistimewetearupOurEconomicsTextbooksandStartOver.
Washington Post, June 23.
Stiglitz,J.(2008).MarketFundamentalismisDead.YouTubeVideo,Postedby"ForaTV", November10.
USBureauofLaborStatistics.(2020).UpdateoftheMisclassificationthatAffectedthe UnemploymentRate.Commissioner’sCorner,BLS,29June.
Bibliographic reference
Komlos,J.(2023).TheFoundationofReal-WorldEconomics:WhatEveryStudentNeeds toKnow.Thirdedition.NewYork:Routledge,420p.,ISBN9781032001722.
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